Type casting converts values from one type to another. The cast() method transforms the input value into the target
type, throwing InvalidArgumentException if conversion is impossible. Unlike assertions which validate existing types,
casting actively transforms values (e.g., string "123" becomes integer 123, or "yes" becomes boolean true).
Casting is ideal for normalizing data from external sources like CSV files, API responses, or user input.
Cast exact literal values. Returns the value if it matches the literal exactly.